How To Take Out A Student Loan (Federal and Private)

Let's talk about how to apply for a student loan. Whether you need a Federal student loan, or a private student loan, there are certain things you need to know to take out a student loan.

While it would be great to cover all your college costs using a combination of savings, help from family members, scholarships, and your personal income, those funds aren’t always going to cut it. Many college-bound students will need to apply for student loans to cover the gap between the cost of education and their limited resources.

This guide explains how to apply for student loans, and how to select the amount to borrow when you take out the loans.

A good starting point: How To Find The Best Student Loan Rates >>

How to Apply for a Federal Student Loan

For U.S. citizens applying for educational loans in the U.S., the FAFSA application is the starting point for Federal student loans. Here’s how you apply for Federal student loans.

Criteria And Requirements For A Federal Student Loan

If you’re looking to get a federal student loan here’s the criteria:

• Have a valid Social Security number.
• Men must be registered with the selective service. Male students between 18-25 have to register with the selective service to receive loans.
• Be a citizen or eligible noncitizen. Undocumented immigrants are not eligible to receive federal or state funding. Permanent residents with green cards can apply for aid. Immigrants with T-1, battered-immigrant-qualified alien, or refugee status may also be eligible.
• Have a high school diploma or equivalent, such as a GED or certificate from a homeschooling program.
• Enroll in an eligible school. Students at unaccredited schools might not qualify for federal aid. Some schools also choose not to receive federal aid.
• Fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Any high schooler interested in financial aid needs to fill out the FAFSA, a form that asks for your family’s financial information to determine how much you qualify for. Even those with little to no demonstrated need can be eligible for student loans, so officers encourage everyone to apply. Without the FAFSA, you won’t receive any federal loans, scholarships or grants.
• Be in good standing with federal financial aid. Students can’t be in default on other federal loans or owe money on a federal grant.
• Maintain a 2.0 GPA. Students need to maintain a 2.0 cumulative GPA or risk losing financial aid until their grades improve.
• Be at part-time status or more. Students must be considered part-time to be eligible for loans. Each college determines what part-time and full-time status means, so ask your financial aid officer how many credits you’ll need to take.

Fill Out the FAFSA

Applying for Federal student loans starts by filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). To fill out the application, you’ll need your information and your parents’ information from tax filing from two years ago (for the 2023-2024 school year, you’ll need the 2022 tax returns), plus information about your parents’ assets, your assets, and other financial details.

Once you submit the FAFSA, your school (or schools of choice if you’re still deciding where to attend) will create a student aid report for you. This report will include information about free aid (such as grants, scholarships, and more). It will also show information about work-study options and, of course, student loans.

In the United States, almost all schools use the FAFSA to issue need-based aid to students. Even if you don’t plan to take out student loans, you should be completing the FAFSA. You may learn that you qualify for grants or extra scholarships from your school of choice based on your financial status.

Review the Aid Offer from Your School

About two weeks after you submit the FAFSA to your school, you can expect to receive an aid offer. The offer will include information about all sources of aid including:

• Scholarships
• Grants
• Work-study programs
• Subsidized student loans
• Unsubsidized student loans

In general, you want to take all the free money you can get. That means accepting the scholarships and the grants. If you plan to live on campus, you may want to consider taking the work-study offer too.

However, consider work-study as a baseline for your earnings, not a cap. Often, work-study jobs do not pay very well. Side hustles like reffing soccer or basketball, tutoring, waiting tables and tending a bar, or any form of skilled labor typically pay much better.

And, of course, starting a business may be the best way to earn money during college.

The last form of aid will be student loans. These will include subsidized loans, which have a lower interest rate (and interest doesn’t accrue while you’re in school), and unsubsidized loans (where interest starts accruing right away).

Read our full guide to paying for college here >>

Take Out The Appropriate Student Loan Amount

Once you review the offer, you can accept any part of the offer you want. You do not have to take out all the loans. In fact, I recommend borrowing as little as possible to pay for your tuition and other upfront costs.

Between savings, frugal living, and working, most undergraduate students can pay for their living expenses without borrowing money.

Student loans aren’t free money. You will have to pay them back. It always makes sense to look for alternatives to borrowing to pay for your education.

It may seem smart to borrow a little extra now, but I advise against that. After college, you may have a salary of $50,000 to $60,000 to start (or even lower in many fields). That sounds like a lot of money, but paying back $50,000+ of student loans on a starter salary is a huge challenge.

Think about your future self, and limit your borrowing today. You might also want to make sure you complete the student loan entrance counseling first so you have a good understanding of the expectations for repayment.

How to Apply for Private Student Loans

In some cases, students in the U.S. may want to apply for private student loans rather than Federal student loans. A few reasons to consider private loans include:

• You want to attend a non-accredited educational opportunity (such as a coding bootcamp).
• You plan to take one course at a time (you need at least half-time enrollment to qualify for most Federal programs).
• You’re not a U.S. citizen, so you don’t qualify for Federal loans.
• You have a strong income and a strong credit score, so private lenders may offer better rates than the unsubsidized Federal loans.
• You’re refinancing your existing student loans to a private lender with a substantially lower interest rate.

If one of these situations applies to you, then follow these steps below to apply for private student loans.

Gather All Your Documents

When you apply for any loan, you’ll need documents to prove your income, credit score, and whether you have assets. In general, you’ll need the following:

• Tax returns or W-2 forms from the previous years.
• Employment pay stubs.
• Personal identification information (driver’s license, etc.).
• Bank statements.
• If you’re applying for private loans while attending school, you’ll need information about the cost of attending.
• If you have a cosigner, you’ll need their information too.
• Loan documents for existing student loans (if refinancing).

Compare Rates from a Few Lenders

Once you’ve gathered up the information, start doing some loan shopping. We recommend the lenders on our Best Places To Find Private Student Loans list.

Many lenders allow you to preview rates without having a hard credit pull. You can also “shop” for rates using sites like Credible.

Comparing rates using an aggregation site (like Credible) will help you get a feel for the interest rates and terms available to you.

Apply for Identical Loans from at Least Two Lenders

After unofficially comparing rates, apply for loans from at least two lenders. That way you can pick the best possible interest rate. The underwriting and approval process can take anywhere from a few hours to a few weeks depending on the lender.

Remember to also compare key features like loan repayment terms, loan discharge options (like disability discharge), and more.

Take Out The Best Student Loan Offer

When you have a few loan offers in hand, compare them to see which loan is the best for you. Then sign the loan documents and move forward with your education or paying off your loans.

If you have a cosigner, you may also want to get a term life insurance policy to protect your cosigner should anything happen to you. A term life insurance policy for the loan balance (when you're a young adult) can be very inexpensive.

Remember, some private student loans require immediate payments, so make sure you double-check your lender and their repayment plans before you commit.